All of the following factors contribute to preterm birth and low birthweight from public hea 201202 at american university of beirut. A case control study on risk factors associated with low. In the present study, it is observed that, out of the 6 muslim mothers, 7252. The following outlines some of the persistent racial and ethnic gaps in birth outcomes for various groups. Risk factors of low birth weight and effect of them on growth. Preterm and low birth weight infants are at greater risk for mortality and a variety of health and. Genetic factors contributing to birth weight l b johnston,ajlclark, m o savage. Where information was not available, especially for women who were referred to another healthcare. Carrying more than 1 baby twins, triplets, or more. A birthweight less than 2,500 grams 5 pounds, 8 ounces is diagnosed as low birthweight. Lbw was associated with prematurity, odds ratio or 7. A babys birth weight, rate of postnatal growth and chances of survival are all influenced by the mothers health and dietary intake.
Genetic factors contributing to birth parental genes weight. The proportional contribution of these influences is unclear. Learn about the causes, risks and healthrelated effects of low birthweight. Background low birth weight lbw is a major public health problem in many developing countries, especially so in india. Low birth weight in new born is major reason of neonatal deaths resulting. Low birth weight babies were found to be nearly 5 times or 4. The weight is compared with the babys gestational age and recorded in the medical record. Although infants born at a very low birth weight vlbw, may 28, 2016 genetics and environmental factors are the two main factors in infants size and weight. Factors associated with preterm birth social, personal, and economic characteristics low or high maternal age. Although we do not know all the causes of lbw, maternal and environmental factors appear to be significant risk factors in its occurrence. An unmatched case control study was done involving 159 cases mothers having lbw singleton babies and 159 controls mothers having normal birth weight singleton babies. Incidence and associated risk factors of low birth weight babies born in shaikh khalifa bin zayad alnayan hospital muzaffarabad, azad jammu and kashmir article pdf available june 2017 with. A babys low weight at birth is either the result of preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation or due to restricted foetal intrauterine growth.
Predictors of low and very low birth weight and the. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the prevalence of abnormal birth weight and related factors in northern region, ghana. Low birth weight low birth weight rate among african americans is twice that of. Factors associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. It is identified that maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy need to be considered for low birth weight 19.
Thus odds of low birth weight birth for smoking mothers are 2. Risk factors commonly associated with preterm birth include age, education, alcohol and drug use, smoking cigarettes and stress. Conclusion low birth weight babies was a risk factor for neonatal mortality. Very preterm, preterm, very low birth weight, and low birth. We analysed continuous variables to determine the relationship between low birth weight lbw and normal birth weight nbw. Kayode1, mary amoakohcoleman1,2, irene akua agyepong2,3, evelyn ansah2, diederick e. Percentage and number of low birthweight infants by unicef regions, 2000. Objectives to know the factors affecting the birth weight of a newborn and to estimate the prevalence of lbw. Therefore, increasing household food security and reinforcing educational interventions could contribute to a reduction in theprevalence of child. Racial disparities in us maternal and infant mortality. Abnormal newborn weights are associated with negative effects on the health and survival of the baby and the mother. Low birth weight, blood pressure, maternal factors, newborns introduction low birth weight lbw is defined as birth weight bw of less than 2,500g. The mortality of low birth weight can be reduced if the maternal risk factors are detected early and managed by simple techniques. The mean birth weight in filabavi remained stable at about 3,100 grams, over the 12 years studied despite rapid economic and technological development.
Dec 15, 2015 birth weight is a crucial determinant of the development potential of the newborn. Genetic factors contributing to birth weight adc fetal. Data was categorized across risk factors and stratified by adequacy of prenatal care pnc. Study of factors affecting and causing low birth weight.
For example, if the variable maternal weight is the variable x 2, e. Africanamerican teen mothers have greater risk for lowbirthweight and premature babies. In addition, as is known, every logistic coefficient. In the present study the prevalence of low birth weight was found to be 23. Considerable controversy exists regarding the relation between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight birth weight factors of low birth weight infants the causes of low birth weight babies are quickly being uncovered. Pdf contributing death factors in very lowbirthweight.
Cigarette smoking is one of the biggest known risk factors for low birthweight. Low birth weight can cause complications in adult life, and is therefore a public health concern. The mean gestational age and weight of all infants at birth was 37. The international network for evaluating outcomes of very low. Some lowbirthweight babies are healthy, but others have serious health problems that need treatment. The global incidence of preterm birth is on the rise 1. A retrospective study was carried out on 40 low birth weight pregnancies out of 650 deliveries from july 2005 to jun 2006. The study was a facilitybased crosssectional survey in five. Factors associated with low birthweight in term pregnancies. Preterm birth complications are considered the leading cause of death among. For ordinal variables with a tendency to increase or decrease linearly in risk, the x 2 for linear trends was calculated. From the total sample of mothers n 1073, 77% n 824 were adult women, aged 20 to 35 years. Risk factors associated with very low birth weight in a large.
A low birth weight birth can occur from slow fetal growth over a fullterm pregnancy, being born premature, or both. Pdf the purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting low birth weight lbw at four central hospitals in vientiane, the capital city. Stress before and during pregnancy has also been linked to low birth weight, even apart from preterm delivery. Reliable information on prepregnancy weight or weight gain during pregnancy could not be obtained due to case control nature of this study, and. In a large prospective study, we investigated predictors of moderately low 1,501 to 2,500 g and very low birth weight. Abstract low birthweight lbw remains a significant public health problem in pakistan and further understanding of. These factors operate to various extents in different environments and cultures. Africanamerican teens are twice as likely to deliver lowbirthweight babies and 1.
Since preterm delivery is associated with both small size and high mortality, much of the pattern shown in figure 1 could, in principle, reflect the effects of preterm delivery. Pdf incidence and associated risk factors of low birth. Pdf factors affecting low birth weight at four central hospitals in. Factors associated with low birth weight among neonates. Maternal factors in predicting low birth weight babies. P weight at birth is a major determinant of survival, physical growth and mental development of an infant.
Another cause of low birthweight is intrauterine growth restriction. Two other studies by mondol 22 in meghalaya, india and yadav et al. Premature birth is one of the most common causes of low birthweight. Low birth weight data sfu department of statistics and. Low birthweight childrens hospital of philadelphia. Low birth weight lbw is one of the main predictors of infant mortality. Low birth weight is a newborn birth weight less than 2,500 grams 5 lbs. Objectives this study examined risk and protective factors associated with very low birth weight vlbw for babies born to women receiving adequate or inadequate prenatal care. Risk factors for low birth weight and preterm birth context. We will focus on what be believe to be the most important causes. Maternal factors contributing to low birth weight deliveries in. Low birth weight lbwa baby born with less than 2500 grams is a. The same result can be obtained by using the estimated regression. Maternal risk factors associated with fetal and infant.
Determinants of low birth weight among deliveries at a. Infant mortality, low birthweight and racial disparity. Grobbee1, kerstin klipsteingrobusch1,4 1julius global health, julius center for health sciences and primary care, university medical centre utrecht, utrecht, the netherlands, 2ghana health service, greater. Life style behaviors such as cigarette smoking, weight gain during pregnancy and the use of alcohol and other drugs play an important role in determining fetal growth. It is often expressed as percentage of live born infants in a given time period. The analysis in this chapter is limited to singleton one baby births. In this study, we determined the maternal factors that contribute to low birth weight lbw.
Low birth weight has been linked to exposure during pregnancy to lead, solvents, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are a group of over 100 contaminants produced by burning fuels like coal. As the etiologies of these distinct types of low birth weight deliveries are different, it became more widely accepted to separate prematurity into two categories, i. To determine the contribution of very low birth weight infants towards the overall infants deaths in kenya. The possible risk factors were comparatively evaluated between cases low birth weight and controls normal birth weight and the odds ratio or and 95% confidence interval 95%ci were calculated. Low birth weight lbw is birth of a live infant less than 2500g up to and including 2499g irrespective of gestational age.
Risk factors for low birth weight in bale zone hospitals. Volume 41, number 2, june 2009 101 second births to teenage mothers. Risk factors for low birth weight are strongly influenced by the social environment birth weight, like growth, is determined by the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The national healthy people 2020 objective is to reduce the total lbw rate to no more than 7. Low birth weight continues to be a main cause of child morbidity and mortality. Short birth spacing intervals are associated with an increased risk of neonatal, infant, and under5 child mortality, neonatal morbidity, infantchild malnutrition, low birth weight, and preterm birth usaid, 2010. Maternal factors like age, parity, pre pregnancy body mass index, hemoglobin levels, bad obstetric history history of stillbirthneonatal death in previous pregnancies, three or more spontaneous consecutive abortions, pre eclampsia, fetal distress, mode of. Teenagers are more likely than older women to have a low birth weight infant or a preterm birth, and the risks may be particularly high when they have a second birth. This study was done to assess the maternal and sociodemographic factors associated with low birth weight lbw babies. About 14 percent of all births in nigeria are born with low birth weight.
In this study, we determined the maternal factors that contribute to low birth weight lbw deliveries in tshwane district, south africa. As odds of low birth weight birth for nonsmoking mothers are 0. Other adverse birth outcomes that are not discussed here include postterm birth, high birth weight, neonatal mortality, and birth defects, a specific group of adverse birth outcomes that include structural and functional abnormalities. Sometimes, these two factors collide in a manner which yields an infant much smaller than normal, and sometimes they collide to yield an infant much larger th. Several additional factors contribute to poor nutrition outcomes in malawi. The incidence of low birthweight is higher among mothers under the age of 18 or over the age of 35.
Birth weight and growth during the first two years of life. Studies on birth weight in nigeria have focused mainly on the biomedical risk factors and have largely ignored the influence the sociocultural environment which. Low birth weight lbw is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibite growth and cognitive development and resulted chronic diseases later in life. The infant mortality rate for very low birth weight less than 1,500 grams infants was. African american teens have greater risk for low birth weight. Factors affecting birth weight of a newborn a community. Low birth weight newborns are at higher risk for perinatal and infant mortality 1, 2, 3 and other health complications such as hypertensive adults4. Data were collected on 189 women, 59 of whom had low birth weight babies and of whom had normal birth weight babies. Babies with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams, irrespective of the period of their gestation are termed as low birth weight.
Babies weighing less than 1,500 grams 3 pounds, 5 ounces at birth are considered very low birthweight. The primary cause is premature birth, being born before 37 weeks gestation. Low birth weight may result from an early birth but also from fetal growth restriction, i. All of the following factors contribute to preterm birth and. Figure 2 shows us weight specific mortality 19952000 for all babies and also for babies born at 40. Low birthweight is a major predictor of infant mortality. Premature birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy and fetal growth restriction are the most common causes of low birthweight. Figure 1 data comprise babies of all gestational ages. The factors vary from one area to another, depending upon geographic, socioeconomic and cultural factors.
The role of preterm delivery in weight specific mortality. Despite constituting less than 2% of the birth cohort, these infants contribute between 8. Low birthweight has been defined by the world health organization who as weight at birth of less than 2,500 grams 5. The prevalence of low birth weight in the study area is the highest in.
Subcategories include very low birth weight vlbw, which is less than 1500 g 3 pounds 5 ounces, and extremely low birth weight elbw, which is less than g 2 pounds 3 ounces. For these two age groups, especially pregnant women under the age of 15 or over the age of 40, their uterus does not sustain pregnancy as well as during the prime childbearing years. It can be subdivided into very low birth weight less than 1500g and extremely low birth weight less than g. Risk factors associated with low birth weight of neonates. Maternal age, height, and socioeconomic status, related to moderately low birth weight on univariate analysis, were not on multivariate analysis significant predictors for either low birth weight outcome. Factors associated with low birth weight among neonates born. In general, risk factors in the mother that may contribute to low birth weight include young ages, multiple pregnancies, previous lbw infants, poor nutrition, heart disease or hypertension, untreated coeliac disease, drug addiction, alcohol abuse, and insufficient prenatal care. Low birth weight lbw is defined by the world health organization as a birth weight of a infant of 2,499 g or less, regardless of gestational age. Risk factors for low birth weight according to the multiple.
Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated. Low birthweight is when a baby is born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces. The incidence in spain in the decade 19801989 was about 5. At the individual level we found birth weight to be associated with household economy and the education of mothers. Preterm birth and low birth weight maternal and child. Factors associated with low birth weight in a historical. The medical and social costs for low birthweight and very low birthweight babies are are significant. Age the age of the mother is also a factor in birth weight. Pdf maternal factors contributing to low birth weight deliveries in. Preterm birth and low birthweight in 20, the overall preterm birth rate was 11.
Prevalence of abnormal birth weight and related factors in. Low birthweight is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibited growth and cognitive development, and chronic diseases later in life. Low birthweight in newborns symptoms and causes boston. Ninetytwo percent of low birth weight lbw infants are born in developing countries, 70% in asia and 22% in africa. Low birth weight is associated with many socioeconomic factors such as residence urbanrural difference, mothers age and occupation, birth order, the familys income and many maternal conditions such as nutritional status, mothers educational and health status 3. Many factors affect foetal growth and thus, the birth weight. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors associated with giving birth to a low birth weight baby weighing less than 2500 grams. Low birth weight newborns are at higher risk for perinatal and infant mortality 1, 2, 3 and other health complications such. A greater incidence of developmental problems related to school achievement, in the area of attention deficit, was also found among 6yearold children who were born low birth weight compared to normal weight children breslau, 1996. Prediction of low birth weight infants and its risk factors. The global incidence of lbw is around 17%, although estimates vary from 19% in the developing countries countries where it is an important public health problem to 57% in the developed countries. See table 1 below we analysed continuous variables to determine the relationship between low birth weight lbw and normal birth weight nbw. Preterm birth and low birth weight vary by race and ethnicity, with rates typically highest among infants born to nonhispanic black women.
840 8 1248 578 1033 818 814 1179 1442 850 1244 1174 570 1345 547 1063 806 763 855 1446 381 646 671 435 478 1341 702 1436 1163 844 810 526 358 957 661 408 1045 525 173 1059